Cytokines and their Role in Health and Disease: A Brief Overview
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چکیده
The story of cytokines goes back to last century when interferon was discovered first time. Cytokines are pleiotropic proteins or small glycoproteins with a molecular weight less than 30 kDa (˂200 amino acids) Cytokines are produced by a number of cell types, such as leukocytes which regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis [1]. About 200 cytokines are recognized to date. They have a high degree of α helical structure and the molecules share a similar polypeptide fold with four α helical bundles. They are categorized on the basis from which they are produced either from Th1 cells or Th2 cells. Recently a third subset of Th cells (Th17) and T regulatory cells (Treg) are categorized which show different cytokine profile from Th1 and Th2 cells (Figure 1). It secretes IL-17, IL-17F, IL-22 and IL25. Treg cells type 1 (Tr1) secrete mainly IL-10and IFN-γ, IL-5 in lesser amount and very low level of TGF-β and IL-2. Tr3 subset of Treg (also called Th3 cells) produces preferentially TGF-β and lesser amounts of IL-10 [2]. According to their secretion they are classified into lymphokines (cytokines that are secreted by T cells and regulate the immune response), proinflammatory cytokines (cytokines that amplify and perpetuate the inflammatory process), growth factors (cytokines that promote cell survival and result in structural changes in the airways), chemokines (cytokines that are chemotactic for inflammatory cells) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (cytokines that negatively modulate the inflammatory response) [3].
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